Archive for December 2016

80% of the variability in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable An R2 of 0.80 means

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80% of the variability in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable An R2 of 0.80 means



a. 80% of the variability in the independent variable is explained by the dependent variable
b. 80% of the variability in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable
c. 80% of the variability in the dependent variable is not explained by the independent variable
d. Multiple regression was used







Answer: B

Can be used with time as the independent variable Regression analysis

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Can be used with time as the independent variable Regression analysis




a. Is limited to one dependent and one independent variable
b. Is best with linear relationships
c. Maximizes the sum of the squared deviations between the actual time series value and the estimated values of the dependent variable
d. Can be used with time as the independent variable







Answer: D

Large values of alpha () place more emphasis on recent data For single exponential smoothing,

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Large values of alpha () place more emphasis on recent data For single exponential smoothing,




a. Large values of alpha () place more emphasis on recent data
b. Small values of alpha () place more emphasis on recent data
c. Very volatile time series with substantial random variability should use a large value for alpha ()
d. Very stable time series with little random variability should use small values for alpha ()











Answer: A

Which of the following is the correct sequence describing the evolution of OM?

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Which of the following is the correct sequence describing the evolution of OM?



a. Efficiency, customization, quality, service, time-based competition
b. Quality, efficiency, time-based competition, customization, service
c. Efficiency, quality, customization, time-based competition, service
d. Quality, service, customization, time-based competition, efficiency









Answer: C

Service organizations generally

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Service organizations generally



a. Are in close proximity to the customer
b. Rely on physical inventory
c. Take advantage of patents
d. Can delegate human behavior and marketing skills








Answer: A

Which of the following is not a key activity of an operations manager?

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Which of the following is not a key activity of an operations manager?




a. Translating market knowledge into goods, services, and processes
b. Continually learning and adapting to global and environmental changes
c. Managing cash flows and strategic investments
d. Exploiting technology to improve productivity










Answer: C

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

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Which one of the following statements is FALSE?







a. service encounters can be between a customer and a building.
b. services can be stored as inventory for future sale.
c. a hotel room is a perishable asset (service).
d. in the Tuneman case study, the traditional value chain allows for more control by value chain managers than the Internet-based music downloading value chain.
e. normally patents do not protect services.





Answer: B

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

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Which one of the following statements is TRUE?




a. a variant is always a durable good with new features.
b. buying a Mercedes automobile is a nondurable good.
c. Demand for goods is more difficult to predict than demand for services.
d. normally patents do not protect services.







Answer: D

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

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Which one of the following statements is FALSE?




a. service processes are the dominant type of process in the U.S. economy.
b. a telephone customer service representative needs service management skills.
c. a variant is a CBP attribute that departs from the standard CBP and is normally location or firm-specific.
d. value is a measure of the quantity of the outputs to inputs.








Answer: D

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

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Which one of the following statements is FALSE?




a. service encounters can be between a customer and a building.
b. high customer contact systems always have high process efficiency.
c. a hotel room is a perishable asset (service).
d. normally off shoring facilities are not in the host (original) country.







Answer: B

The Minnesota Family Investment Program was designed to:

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The Minnesota Family Investment Program was designed to:




a. provide parents with education on parenting young children
b. primarily influence the behavior of adults, through employment
c. primarily influence the behavior of children, through early childhood education
d. primarily influence the behavior of the family, through family therapy






Answer: B


The American Psychological Association (APA) has developed ethical guidelines in conducting research that address four important issues. Which of the following is NOT included?

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The American Psychological Association (APA) has developed ethical guidelines in conducting research that address four important issues. Which of the following is NOT included?





a. informed consent
b. authorization to release information
c. deception
d. debriefing








Answer: B

Robert Siegler emphasizes that an important aspect of development is:

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Robert Siegler emphasizes that an important aspect of development is:



a. being rewarded for good behaviors
b. actively constructing one's world through assimilation and accommodation
c. learning good strategies for processing information
d. learning through the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response







Answer: C

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the microsystem refers to the:

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In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the microsystem refers to the:




A) setting in which an individual lives and plays an active role.
B) culture in which an individual lives.
C) connections between the experiences in an individual's life.
D) pattern of environmental events and transitions over time.









Answer: A

What is a syndrome?

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What is a syndrome? 




A) a characteristic facial appearance
B) a group of traits, all of which must be present if an aneuploidy is to be diagnosed
C) a group of traits typically found in conjunction with a particular chromosomal aberration or gene mutation
D) a characteristic trait usually given the discoverer's name
E) a characteristic that only appears in conjunction with one specific aneuploidy






Answer: C

In 1956 Tijo and Levan first successfully counted human chromosomes. What is the reason it took so many years to do so?

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In 1956 Tijo and Levan first successfully counted human chromosomes. What is the reason it took so many years to do so? 




A) Watson and Crick's structure of DNA was not done until 1953.
B) Chromosomes were piled up on top of one another in the nucleus.
C) Chromosomes were not distinguishable during interphase.
D) A method had not yet been devised to halt mitosis at metaphase.
E) Chromosomes were piled up on top of one another in the nucleus, chromosomes were not distinguishable during interphase, and a method had not yet been devised to halt mitosis at metaphase.





Answer: E

A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition?

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A couple has a child with Down syndrome. The mother is 39 years old at the time of delivery. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the child's condition?






A) The woman inherited this tendency from her parents.
B) One member of the couple carried a translocation.
C) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in somatic cell production.
D) One member of the couple underwent nondisjunction in gamete production.
E) The mother had a chromosomal duplication.





Answer: D

Down syndrome has a frequency in the U.S. population of ~1/700 live births. In which of the following groups would you expect this frequency to be significantly higher?

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Down syndrome has a frequency in the U.S. population of ~1/700 live births. In which of the following groups would you expect this frequency to be significantly higher? 





A) people in Latin or South America
B) the Inuit and other peoples in very cold habitats
C) people living in equatorial areas of the world
D) very small population groups
E) No groups have such higher frequency.






Answer: E

An inversion in a human chromosome often results in no demonstrable phenotypic effect in the individual. What else may occur?

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An inversion in a human chromosome often results in no demonstrable phenotypic effect in the individual. What else may occur? 




A) There may be deletions later in life.
B) Some abnormal gametes may be formed.
C) There is an increased frequency of mutation.
D) All inverted chromosomes are deleted.
E) The individual is more likely to get cancer.





Answer: B

Abnormal chromosomes are frequently found in malignant tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close proximity to different control regions. Which of the following might then occur to make the cancer worse?

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Abnormal chromosomes are frequently found in malignant tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close proximity to different control regions. Which of the following might then occur to make the cancer worse? 





A) an increase in nondisjunction
B) expression of inappropriate gene products
C) a decrease in mitotic frequency
D) death of the cancer cells in the tumor
E) sensitivity of the immune system






Answer: B

A phenotypically normal prospective couple seeks genetic counseling because the man knows that he has a translocation of a portion of his chromosome 4 that has been exchanged with a portion of his chromosome 12. Although he is normal because his translocation is balanced, he and his wife want to know the probability that his sperm will be abnormal. What is your prognosis regarding his sperm?

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A phenotypically normal prospective couple seeks genetic counseling because the man knows that he has a translocation of a portion of his chromosome 4 that has been exchanged with a portion of his chromosome 12. Although he is normal because his translocation is balanced, he and his wife want to know the probability that his sperm will be abnormal. What is your prognosis regarding his sperm? 





A) 1/4 will be normal, 1/4 will have the translocation, and 1/2 will have duplications and deletions.
B) All will carry the same translocation as the father.
C) None will carry the translocation since abnormal sperm will die.
D) His sperm will be sterile and the couple might consider adoption.
E) 1/2 will be normal and the rest will have the father's translocation.






Answer: A

In humans, male-pattern baldness is controlled by an autosomal gene that occurs in two allelic forms. Allele Hn determines nonbaldness, and allele Hb determines pattern baldness. In males, because of the presence of testosterone, allele Hb is dominant over Hn. If a man and woman both with genotype HnHb have a son, what is the chance that he will eventually be bald?

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In humans, male-pattern baldness is controlled by an autosomal gene that occurs in two allelic forms. Allele Hn determines nonbaldness, and allele Hb determines pattern baldness. In males, because of the presence of testosterone, allele Hb is dominant over Hn. If a man and woman both with genotype HnHb have a son, what is the chance that he will eventually be bald? 




A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 33%
D) 50%
E) 75%





Answer: E

If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis?

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If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis? 





A) All the gametes will be diploid.
B) Half of the gametes will be n + 1, and half will be n - 1.
C) 1/4 of the gametes will be n + 1, 1/4 will be n - 1, and 1/2 will be n.
D) There will be three extra gametes.
E) Two of the four gametes will be haploid, and two will be diploid.





Answer: C

Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons?

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Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons? 




A) The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the chromosome.
B) The relationship between recombination frequency and map units is different in every individual.
C) Physical distances between genes change during the course of the cell cycle.
D) The gene order on the chromosomes is slightly different in every individual.
E) Linkage map distances are identical between males and females.






Answer: A

Why does recombination between linked genes continue to occur?

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Why does recombination between linked genes continue to occur? 




A) Recombination is a requirement for independent assortment.
B) Recombination must occur or genes will not assort independently.
C) New allele combinations are acted upon by natural selection.
D) The forces on the cell during meiosis II always result in recombination.
E) Without recombination there would be an insufficient number of gametes.






Answer: C

Recombination between linked genes comes about for what reason?

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Recombination between linked genes comes about for what reason? 





A) Mutation on one homolog is different from that on the other homolog.
B) Independent assortment sometimes fails because Mendel had not calculated appropriately.
C) When genes are linked they always "travel" together at anaphase.
D) Crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
E) Nonrecombinant chromosomes break and then re-join with one another.






Answer: D

The centimorgan (cM) is a unit named in honor of Thomas Hunt Morgan. To what is it equal?

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The centimorgan (cM) is a unit named in honor of Thomas Hunt Morgan. To what is it equal? 





A) the physical distance between two linked genes
B) 1% frequency of recombination between two genes
C) 1 nanometer of distance between two genes
D) the distance between a pair of homologous chromosomes
E) the recombination frequency between two genes assorting independently






Answer: B

Three genes at three loci are being mapped in a particular species. Each has two phenotypes, one of which is markedly different from the wild type. The unusual allele of the first gene is inherited with either of the others about 50% of the time. However, the unusual alleles of the other two genes are inherited together 14.4% of the time. Which of the following describes what is happening?

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Three genes at three loci are being mapped in a particular species. Each has two phenotypes, one of which is markedly different from the wild type. The unusual allele of the first gene is inherited with either of the others about 50% of the time. However, the unusual alleles of the other two genes are inherited together 14.4% of the time. Which of the following describes what is happening? 





A) The genes are showing independent assortment.
B) The three genes are linked.
C) The first gene is linked but the other two are not.
D) The first gene is assorting independently from the other two that are linked.
E) The first gene is located 14.4 units apart from the other two.






Answer: D

What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together?

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What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together? 




A) They are located close together on the same chromosome.
B) The number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of chromosomes.
C) Chromosomes are unbreakable.
D) Alleles are paired together during meiosis.
E) Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis.






Answer: A

What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?

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What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate? 




A) The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.
B) All of the offspring have combinations of traits that match one of the two parents.
C) The genes are located on sex chromosomes.
D) Abnormal meiosis has occurred.
E) Independent assortment is hindered.






Answer: A

How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced?

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How would one explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental-type offspring than recombinant-type offspring are produced? 





A) The two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome.
B) The two genes are linked but on different chromosomes.
C) Recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosis.
D) The testcross was improperly performed.
E) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene.






Answer: A

Which of the following statements is true of linkage?

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Which of the following statements is true of linkage? 




A) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them.
B) The observed frequency of recombination of two genes that are far apart from each other has a maximum value of 100%.
C) All of the traits that Mendel studied–seed color, pod shape, flower color, and others–are due to genes linked on the same chromosome.
D) Linked genes are found on different chromosomes.
E) Crossing over occurs during prophase II of meiosis.





Answer: A

Women (and all female mammals) have one active X chromosome per cell instead of two. What causes this?

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Women (and all female mammals) have one active X chromosome per cell instead of two. What causes this? 





A) modification of the XIST gene so that it is active only on one X chromosome, which then becomes inactive
B) activation of the Barr gene on one of the two X chromosomes that then inactivates
C) crossover between the XIST gene on one X chromosome and a related gene on an autosome
D) inactivation of the XIST gene on the X chromosome derived from the male parent
E) the removal of methyl (CH3) groups from the X chromosome that will remain active






Answer: A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely live past their 20s. How likely is it for a woman to have this condition?

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely live past their 20s. How likely is it for a woman to have this condition? 




A) Women can never have this condition.
B) One-half of the daughters of an affected man could have this condition.
C) One-fourth of the children of an affected father and a carrier mother could have this condition.
D) Very rarely would a woman have this condition; the condition would be due to a chromosome error.
E) Only if a woman is XXX could she have this condition.




Answer: D

In humans, clear gender differentiation occurs, not at fertilization, but after the second month of gestation. What is the first event of this differentiation?

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In humans, clear gender differentiation occurs, not at fertilization, but after the second month of gestation. What is the first event of this differentiation? 






A) formation of testosterone in male embryos
B) formation of estrogens in female embryos
C) anatomical differentiation of a penis in male embryos
D) activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads
E) activation of SRY in females and feminization of the gonads





Answer: D

Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY region of the Y chromosome. An abnormality of this region could allow which of the following to have a male phenotype?

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Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY region of the Y chromosome. An abnormality of this region could allow which of the following to have a male phenotype? 





A) Turner syndrome, 45, X
B) translocation of SRY to an autosome of a 46, XX individual
C) a person with an extra X chromosome
D) a person with one normal and one shortened (deleted) X
E) Down syndrome, 46, XX





Answer: B

In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female?

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In birds, sex is determined by a ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What would be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between a male that is heterozygous for the lethal allele and a normal female? 





A) 2:1 male to female
B) 1:2 male to female
C) 1:1 male to female
D) 4:3 male to female
E) 3:1 male to female






Answer: A

Calico cats are female because

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Calico cats are female because 




A) the males die during embryonic development.
B) a male inherits only one of the two X-linked genes controlling hair color.
C) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration.
D) only females can have Barr bodies.
E) multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome prevent orange pigment production.






Answer: B

In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male?

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In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? 




A) tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males
B) black females; orange males
C) orange females; orange males
D) tortoiseshell females; black males
E) orange females; black males





Answer: D

SRY is best described in which of the following ways?

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SRY is best described in which of the following ways? 





A) a gene present on the X chromosome that triggers female development
B) an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the Y chromosome
C) a gene region present on the Y chromosome that triggers male development
D) an autosomal gene that is required for the expression of genes on the X chromosome
E) a gene required for development, and males or females lacking the gene do not survive past early childhood





Answer: C

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because

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Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because 





A) male hormones such as testosterone often alter the effects of mutations on the X chromosome.
B) female hormones such as estrogen often compensate for the effects of mutations on the X chromosome.
C) X chromosomes in males generally have more mutations than X chromosomes in females.
D) males are hemizygous for the X chromosome.
E) mutations on the Y chromosome often worsen the effects of X-linked mutations.





Answer: D

Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosophila melanogaster has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following has/have continued to make it a most useful species? I. its four pairs of chromosomes II. a very large number of visible as well as biochemically mutant phenotypes III. easy and inexpensive maintenance IV. short generation time and large number of offspring

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Thomas Hunt Morgan's choice of Drosophila melanogaster has been proven to be useful even today. Which of the following has/have continued to make it a most useful species?
I. its four pairs of chromosomes
II. a very large number of visible as well as biochemically mutant phenotypes
III. easy and inexpensive maintenance
IV. short generation time and large number of offspring 





A) I and IV only
B) II and III only
C) I, II, and III only
D) II, III, and IV only
E) I, II, III, IV, and V






Answer: E

Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early 20th century?

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Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early 20th century? 





A) Individuals inherit particular chromosomes attached to genes.
B) Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and in turn segregate during meiosis.
C) Homologous chromosomes give rise to some genes and crossover chromosomes to other genes.
D) No more than a single pair of chromosomes can be found in a healthy normal cell.
E) Natural selection acts on certain chromosome arrays rather than on genes.






Answer: B

Sturtevant provided genetic evidence for the existence of four pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila in which of these ways?

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Sturtevant provided genetic evidence for the existence of four pairs of chromosomes in Drosophila in which of these ways? 





A) There are four major functional classes of genes in Drosophila.
B) Drosophila genes cluster into four distinct groups of linked genes.
C) The overall number of genes in Drosophila is a multiple of four.
D) The entire Drosophila genome has approximately 400 map units.
E) Drosophila genes have, on average, four different alleles.





Answer: B

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?

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When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? 




A) The gene involved is on the Y chromosome.
B) The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
C) The gene involved is on an autosome, but only in males.
D) Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies.
E) Other female-specific factors influence eye color in flies.







Answer: B

Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals.

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Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals. 




One species of a small birdlike animal has an extremely variable tail length, which is a highly polymorphic trait. Geneticists have come to realize that there are eight separate genes for tail length per haploid genome, with each gene having two alleles. One allele for each gene (a, b, and so on) increases the length by 1 cm, whereas the other allele (a2, b2, and so on) increases it by 0.5 cm. One bird was analyzed and found to have the following genotype: 

a1a1b2b2c1c2d1d2e2e2f1f2g1g1h1h2
What is the length of its tail?

A) 6 cm
B) 8 cm
C) 12 cm
D) 24 cm
E) 36 cm


Answer: C


One species of green plant, with frondlike leaves, a spine-coated stem, and purple cup-shaped flowers, is found to be self-pollinating. Which of the following is true of this species? 

A) The species must be haploid. 
B) Its reproduction is asexual.
C) All members of the species have the same genotype.
D) Some of the seeds would have true-breeding traits.
E) All of its dominant traits are most frequent.


Answer: D


If the environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, atmosphere, sunlight, and so on, are mostly Earthlike, which of the following do you expect of its types of leaves, stems, and flowers? 

A) The genes for them would have originated on Earth. 
B) Genes for these traits would have a common ancestor with those from Earth.
C) Such plants could be safely eaten by humans.
D) Genotypes for these traits would be identical to Earth plants with the same traits.
E) Phenotypes would be selected for or against by these environmental factors.


Answer: E


Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? 

A) It is recessive. 
B) It is dominant.
C) It has a late age of onset (> 60).
D) It is pleiotropic.
E) It is epistatic.


Answer: D

A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.

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A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. 


Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for the son? 

A) IBIB
B) IBIA
C) ii
D) IBi
E) IAIA


Answer: D


Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother? A) IAIA 

B) IBIB
C) ii
D) IAi
E) IAIB


Answer: D


Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father? A) A negative 

B) O negative
C) B positive
D) AB negative
E) impossible to determine


Answer: C


If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible? 

A) Each parent is either M or MN.
B) Each parent must be type M.
C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene.
D) Neither parent can have the N allele.
E) The MN blood group is recessive to the ABO blood group.


Answer: A

Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.

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Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. 



A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is not possible? 

A) green offspring only
B) yellow offspring only
C) blue offspring only
D) green and yellow offspring
E) a 9:3:3:1 ratio


Answer: D


Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies? 

A) yyBB and yyBB
B) yyBB and yyBb
C) yyBb and yyBb
D) yyBB and yybb
E) yyBb and yybb


Answer: C

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.

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Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. 



The relationship between genes S and N is an example of 


A) incomplete dominance.
B) epistasis.
C) complete dominance.
D) pleiotropy.
E) codominance.


Answer: B


A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce A) all sharp-spined progeny. 

B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny.
C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny.
D) all spineless progeny.
E) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.


Answer: A


If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios? 

A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless
B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless
C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless
D) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined
E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless


Answer: E

Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles.

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Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles. 



How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system? 

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 16


Answer: C


One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color? 

A) 1/4
B) 1/5
C) 1/8
D) 1/2
E) 0


Answer: D

Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color.

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Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red (R) flower color is dominant to white (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. 



A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals? 

A) ttRr—dwarf and pink
B) ttrr—dwarf and white
C) TtRr—tall and red
D) TtRr—tall and pink
E) TTRR—tall and red


Answer: D


If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio? 

A) 9:3:3:1
B) 6:3:3:2:1:1
C) 1:2:1
D) 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
E) 9:4:3


Answer: B

Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+) but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg).

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Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+) but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg). 



If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect? 

A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes
B) 1/2 bent and 1/2 vestigial flies
C) all homozygous + flies
D) 3/4 bent to 1/4 vestigial ratio
E) 1/2 bent and vestigial to 1/2 normal


Answer: A


If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of offspring with bent wings only? 

A) 1/8
B) 3/8
C) 1/4
D) 9/16
E) 3/16


Answer: E

Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant characteristic.

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Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant characteristic. 



If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following? 

A) red and long
B) red and oval
C) white and long
D) purple and long
E) purple and oval


Answer: D


In the F2 generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would be expected? 

A) 9:3:3:1
B) 9:4:3
C) 1:1:1:1
D) 1:1:1:1:1:1
E) 6:3:3:2:1:1


Answer: E


The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following? A) a multiple allelic system 

B) sex linkage
C) codominance
D) incomplete dominance
E) epistasis


Answer: D

Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.

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Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies. 


These results indicate which of the following? 

A) Brown is dominant to black.
B) Black is dominant to brown and to yellow.
C) Yellow is dominant to black.
D) There is incomplete dominance.
E) Epistasis is involved.


Answer: E


How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors in Labrador retrievers? A) 1 

B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5


Answer: B

In one type cross of black × black, the results were as follows:
9/16 black
4/16 yellow
3/16 brown 

The genotype aabb must result in which of the following?
A) black
B) brown
C) yellow
D) a lethal result
E) white

Answer: C

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently.

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Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. 



If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers? 

A) 65
B) 190
C) 250
D) 565
E) 750

Answer: B


Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers? A) 9/16 

B) 1/16
C) 3/16
D) 1/8
E) 1/4

Answer: C

In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~ 63 years). What is the most likely reason?

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In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~ 63 years). What is the most likely reason? 




A) Members of this family know to be checked for colon cancer early in life.
B) Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do nonfamilial forms.
C) This is pure chance; it would not be expected if you were to look at a different family.
D) This cancer requires mutations in more than this one gene.
E) Affected members of this family are born with colon cancer, and it can be detected whenever they are first tested.







Answer: B

One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation?

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One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation? 





A) The mother carries the gene but does not express it at all.
B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the gene.
C) The condition skipped a generation in the family.
D) The child has a different allele of the gene than the parents.






Answer: B
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